Nā ʻōnaehana Ultrasound - Ke ʻike nei i ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia me nā nalu kani

Ua hoʻololi ka ʻenehana ultrasound hou i ke kiʻi lapaʻau mai nā kiʻi anatomical static i nā loiloi hana dynamic, me ka ʻole o ka radiation ionizing. Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikala i ka physics, nā noi lapaʻau, a me nā hana hou i ka ultrasound diagnostic.

Nā Kumumanaʻo Kino
Hana ka ultrasound lapaʻau ma nā alapine 2-18MHz. Hoʻololi ka hopena piezoelectric i ka ikehu uila i nā haʻalulu mechanical i loko o ka transducer. Hoʻoponopono ka uku manawa-loaʻa (TGC) no ka attenuation hilinaʻi hohonu (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Pili ka hoʻonā axial i ka nalu (λ = c/f), ʻoiai pili ka hoʻonā ʻaoʻao i ka laulā o ke kukuna.

Ka Papa Manawa Hoʻomohala

• 1942: ʻO ka noi lapaʻau mua a Karl Dussik (kiʻi lolo)
• 1958: Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Ian Donald i ka ultrasound obstetric
• 1976: Hiki i nā mea hoʻololi scan analog ke hoʻohana i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi hina hina
• 1983: Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ke Color Doppler e Namekawa lāua ʻo Kasai
• 2012: Ua ʻāpono ka FDA i nā hāmeʻa mua loa no ka ʻeke

Nā ʻano lapaʻau

1. ʻAno-B
   Kiʻi ʻana i ka hina hina kumu me ka hoʻonā spatial a hiki i ka 0.1mm
2. Nā ʻenehana Doppler

• Doppler Kala: Palapala ʻāina wikiwiki (palena Nyquist 0.5-2m/s)
• Power Doppler: 3-5x ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kahe lohi
• ʻO Spectral Doppler: Ke ana nei i ke koʻikoʻi o ka stenosis (ʻo nā lakio PSV >2 e hōʻike ana i ka stenosis carotid >50%)

3. Nā ʻenehana holomua

• ʻO ka Elastography (ʻo ka paʻakikī o ke akepaʻa >7.1kPa e hōʻike ana i ka fibrosis F2)
• ʻO ka ultrasound i hoʻonui ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike (SonoVue microbubbles)
• Kiʻi 3D/4D (hoʻokō ʻo Voluson E10 i ka hoʻonā voxel 0.3mm)

Nā Polokalamu e kū mai ana

• Ultrasound i kālele ʻia (FUS)
  • ʻO ka hoʻopau wela (85% ola 3 makahiki i ka haʻalulu koʻikoʻi)
  • Ke wehe ʻana i ka pale koko-lolo no ka mālama ʻana iā Alzheimer
• ʻO ke kani ultrasound ma ke kikowaena mālama (POCUS)
  • Hoʻokolohua FAST (98% ʻike no ka hemoperitoneum)
  • Nā laina B ultrasound māmā (93% pololei no ka edema pulmonary)

Nā Palena Hoʻokumu Hou

1. ʻenehana CMUT
   Hoʻā nā transducers ultrasonic micromachined capacitive i ka bandwidth ultra-wide (3-18MHz) me ka bandwidth hapa 40%.
2. Hoʻohui ʻana o AI

• Hāʻawi ʻo Samsung S-Shearwave i nā ana elastography i alakaʻi ʻia e AI
• Hōʻike ka helu ʻakomi EF i ka pilina 0.92 me ka MRI puʻuwai

3. Hoʻokahuli lima lima
   Hoʻohana ʻo Butterfly iQ+ i 9000 mau mea MEMS i ka hoʻolālā pākahi-ʻāpana, he 205g wale nō ke kaumaha.
4. Nā Hoʻohana Lapaʻau
   Hoʻopau ka Histotripsy i nā ʻōpū me ka cavitation acoustic (nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau no ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate).

Nā Pilikia ʻenehana

• Hoʻoponopono aberration pae i nā poʻe maʻi momona
• Ka hohonu komo palena ʻia (15cm ma 3MHz)
• Nā algorithms hōʻemi walaʻau Speckle
• Nā pilikia hoʻoponopono no nā ʻōnaehana diagnostics e pili ana iā AI

Ke hoʻololi hou ʻia nei ka mākeke ultrasound honua ($8.5B i ka makahiki 2023) e nā ʻōnaehana lawe lima, kahi e helu nei no 35% o nā kūʻai aku. Me nā ʻenehana hou e like me ke kiʻi super-resolution (ʻike ʻana i nā kīʻaha 50μm) a me nā ʻano hana neural rendering, ke hoʻomau nei ka ultrasound i ka wehewehe hou ʻana i nā palena o nā diagnostics non-invasive.